ESGO-ESMO-ESP consensus conference recommendations on ovarian cancer: pathology and molecular biology and early, advanced and recurrent disease.

The European Society of Gynaecological Oncology, the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) and the European Society of Pathology held a consensus conference (CC) on ovarian cancer on 15-16 June 2022 in Valencia, Spain. The CC panel included 44 experts in the management of ovarian cancer and pathology, an ESMO scientific advisor and a methodologist. The aim was to discuss new or contentious topics and develop recommendations to improve and harmonise the management of patients with ovarian cancer. Eighteen questions were identified for discussion under four main topics: (i) pathology and molecular biology, (ii) early-stage disease and pelvic mass in pregnancy, (iii) advanced stage (including older/frail patients) and (iv) recurrent disease. The panel was divided into four working groups (WGs) to each address questions relating to one of the four topics outlined above, based on their expertise. Relevant scientific literature was reviewed in advance. Recommendations were developed by the WGs and then presented to the entire panel for further discussion and amendment before voting. This manuscript focuses on the recommendation statements that reached a consensus, their voting results and a summary of evidence supporting each recommendation.

ESGO/ISUOG/IOTA/ESGE Consensus Statement on preoperative diagnosis of ovarian tumours.

The European Society of Gynaecological Oncology (ESGO), the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG), the International Ovarian Tumour Analysis (IOTA) group and the European Society for Gynaecological Endoscopy (ESGE) jointly developed clinically relevant and evidence-based statements on the preoperative diagnosis of ovarian tumours, including imaging techniques, biomarkers and prediction models. ESGO/ISUOG/IOTA/ESGE nominated a multidisciplinary international group, including expert practising clinicians and researchers who have demonstrated leadership and expertise in the preoperative diagnosis of ovarian tumours and management of patients with ovarian cancer (19 experts across Europe). A patient representative was also included in the group. To ensure that the statements were evidence-based, the current literature was reviewed and critically appraised. Preliminary statements were drafted based on the review of the relevant literature. During a conference call, the whole group discussed each preliminary statement and a first round of voting was carried out. Statements were removed when a consensus among group members was not obtained. The voters had the opportunity to provide comments/suggestions with their votes. The statements were then revised accordingly. Another round of voting was carried out according to the same rules to allow the whole group to evaluate the revised version of the statements. The group achieved consensus on 18 statements. This Consensus Statement presents these ESGO/ISUOG/IOTA/ESGE statements on the preoperative diagnosis of ovarian tumours and the assessment of carcinomatosis, together with a summary of the evidence supporting each statement.

ESGO/ISUOG/IOTA/ESGE Consensus Statement on preoperative diagnosis of ovarian tumors.

The European Society of Gynaecological Oncology (ESGO), the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG), the International Ovarian Tumour Analysis (IOTA) group and the European Society for Gynaecological Endoscopy (ESGE) jointly developed clinically relevant and evidence-based statements on the preoperative diagnosis of ovarian tumors, including imaging techniques, biomarkers and prediction models. ESGO/ISUOG/IOTA/ESGE nominated a multidisciplinary international group, including expert practising clinicians and researchers who have demonstrated leadership and expertise in the preoperative diagnosis of ovarian tumors and management of patients with ovarian cancer (19 experts across Europe). A patient representative was also included in the group. To ensure that the statements were evidence-based, the current literature was reviewed and critically appraised. Preliminary statements were drafted based on the review of the relevant literature. During a conference call, the whole group discussed each preliminary statement and a first round of voting was carried out. Statements were removed when consensus among group members was not obtained. The voters had the opportunity to provide comments/suggestions with their votes. The statements were then revised accordingly. Another round of voting was carried out according to the same rules to allow the whole group to evaluate the revised version of the statements. The group achieved consensus on 18 statements. This Consensus Statement presents these ESGO/ISUOG/IOTA/ESGE statements on the preoperative diagnosis of ovarian tumors and the assessment of carcinomatosis, together with a summary of the evidence supporting each statement.

Declaración de consenso de ESGO/ISUOG/IOTA/ESGE sobre el diagnóstico preoperatorio de los tumores de ovario La Sociedad Europea de Oncología Ginecológica (ESGO), la Sociedad Internacional de Ecografía en Obstetricia y Ginecología (ISUOG), el Grupo Internacional de Análisis de Tumores de Ovario (IOTA) y la Sociedad Europea de Endoscopia Ginecológica (ESGE) elaboraron conjuntamente declaraciones de importancia para la práctica clínica y con base empírica sobre el diagnóstico preoperatorio de los tumores de ovario, a partir de imágenes, biomarcadores y modelos de predicción, entre otras técnicas. La ESGO/ISUOG/IOTA/ESGE designó a un grupo internacional multidisciplinar, que incluye a personas expertas de la práctica clínica y la investigación que han demostrado liderazgo y experiencia en el diagnóstico preoperatorio de los tumores de ovario y en el tratamiento de las pacientes con cáncer de ovario (19 personas expertas de toda Europa). También se incluyó en el grupo a una representante de las pacientes. Para garantizar que las declaraciones tenían una base empírica, se revisó la literatura actual y se valoró de forma crítica. Se redactaron declaraciones preliminares basadas en la revisión de la literatura pertinente. La totalidad del grupo debatió durante una teleconferencia cada declaración preliminar y se llevó a cabo una primera ronda de votaciones. Las declaraciones se eliminaron cuando no se obtuvo el consenso entre los miembros del grupo. Los votantes tuvieron la oportunidad de aportar comentarios/sugerencias a la par que sus votos. Las declaraciones se revisaron en consecuencia. Se llevó a cabo otra ronda de votaciones según las mismas reglas para que todo el grupo pudiera evaluar la versión revisada de las declaraciones. El grupo logró un consenso sobre 18 declaraciones. Esta Declaración de Consenso presenta estas declaraciones de la ESGO/ISUOG/IOTA/ESGE sobre el diagnóstico preoperatorio de los tumores de ovario y la evaluación de la carcinomatosis, junto con un resumen de la evidencia que apoya cada declaración.

Indications and practice of diverting ileostomy after colorectal resection and anastomosis in ovarian cancer cytoreduction.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the factors related with diverting ileostomy performance after colorectal resection and anastomosis, in advanced ovarian cancer cytoreductive surgery. METHODS: We have previously demonstrated the risk factors associated with anastomotic leak after colorectal anastomosis: Advanced age at surgery, low serum albumin level, additional bowel resections, manual anastomosis and distance of the anastomosis from the anal verge. However, use of diverting ileostomy is strongly variable and depends on individual surgeon preferences and training. Eight hospitals participated in this retrospective study. Data of 695 patients operated for ovarian cancer with primary colorectal anastomosis were included (January 2010-June 2018). Fourteen pre-/intraoperatively defined variables were identified and analysed as justification factors for use of diverting ileostomy. RESULTS: The rate of diverting ileostomy in the entire cohort was 19.13% (133/695; range within individual centers 4.6-24.32%). Previous treatment with bevacizumab [OR 2.8 (1.3-6.1); p=0.01]; additional bowel resections [OR 3.0 (1.8-5.1); p<0.001]; extended operating time [OR 1.005 (1.003-1.006); p<0.001] and intra-operative red blood transfusion [OR 2.7 (1.4-5.3); p<0.001] were found to be independently associated with diverting ileostomy performance. Assuming a 7% AL rate cut-off, up to 51.8% of DI presented an AL risk below 7% and might have been spared. CONCLUSIONS: The risk factors that drive the gynecologic oncology surgeons to perform a diverting ileostomy, seem to differ from the actual risk factors that we have identified to be associated with postoperative anastomotic leak. Broader awareness of the risk factors that contribute to a higher perioperative risk profile, will facilitate a better risk stratification process and possibly avoid unnecessary stoma formation in ovarian cancer patients.

Optimization of surgical treatment of advanced ovarian cancer: a Spanish expert perspective.

BACKGROUND: Optimal upfront treatment of patients with advanced ovarian cancer is complex and requires the adequate function of a multidisciplinary team. Specific standard of quality of care needs to be taken into consideration. METHODS: A literature search in PubMed was performed using the following criteria: ("ovarian neoplasms"[MeSH Terms] OR ("ovarian"[All Fields] AND "neoplasms"[All Fields]) OR "ovarian neoplasms"[All Fields] OR ("ovarian"[All Fields] AND "cancer"[All Fields]) OR "ovarian cancer"[All Fields])"[Date - Publication]: "2018/01/14"[Date - Publication]). RESULTS: This article describes how to optimize the surgical management of advanced ovarian cancer, to achieve the best results in terms of survival and quality of life. For this purpose, this document will cover aspects related to pre-, intra- and postoperative care of newly diagnosed advanced ovarian cancer patients. CONCLUSION: Optimizing upfront treatment of patients with advanced ovarian cancer is complex and requires a structured quality management program including the wise judgment of a multidisciplinary team. Surgeries performed by gynecologic oncologists with formal training in cytoreductive techniques at referral centers are crucial factors to obtain better clinical and oncological outcomes. However, other factors such as the patient's clinical status, the hospital infrastructure and equipment, as well as the tumor biology of each individual patient should also be taken into account before deciding on an initial therapeutic strategy for advanced-stage ovarian cancer to offer patients the best quality of care.

Laparoscopic paraaortic surgical staging in locally advanced cervical cancer: a single-center experience

Background: One aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of laparoscopic paraaortic lymphadenectomy for paraaortic lymph node staging in locally advanced cervical carcinoma. The second aim was to identify prognostic factors in the evolution of this disease and to evaluate how the results of the surgery modify the oncological treatment of patients. Materials and methods: We analyzed 59 patients diagnosed with locally advanced cervical cancer International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IB2-IVA who underwent laparoscopic paraaortic lymphadenectomy at our hospital between 2009 and 2015. Depending on the results of the paraaortic lymphadenectomy, treatment consisted of pelvic- or extended-field chemoradiotherapy. Results: The mean age at diagnosis was 52.3 years. The median operative time was 180 min. The mean hospital stay was 1.7 days. The mean number of paraaortic lymph nodes excised was 16.4. Eight patients (13.5%) had positive paraaortic lymph nodes. Thirteen patients (22%) underwent surgery via the transperitoneal route, and 46 (78%) underwent surgery via the retroperitoneal route. The sensitivity and specificity of computerized axial tomography (CT) scanning for detecting paraaortic lymph node involvement was 75 and 86%, respectively. The statistically significant prognostic factors that affected survival were surgical paraaortic lymph node involvement, radiological pelvic lymph node involvement, and radiological tumor size as assessed with nuclear magnetic resonance. The rate of serious complications was 1.7%. Conclusions: Pretherapeutic laparoscopic paraaortic lymphadenectomy for locally advanced cervical carcinoma allows the adaption of radiotherapy fields to avoid false-positive and false-negative imaging results

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Laparoscopic paraaortic surgical staging in locally advanced cervical cancer: a single-center experience.

BACKGROUND: One aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of laparoscopic paraaortic lymphadenectomy for paraaortic lymph node staging in locally advanced cervical carcinoma. The second aim was to identify prognostic factors in the evolution of this disease and to evaluate how the results of the surgery modify the oncological treatment of patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 59 patients diagnosed with locally advanced cervical cancer International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IB2-IVA who underwent laparoscopic paraaortic lymphadenectomy at our hospital between 2009 and 2015. Depending on the results of the paraaortic lymphadenectomy, treatment consisted of pelvic- or extended-field chemoradiotherapy. RESULTS: The mean age at diagnosis was 52.3 years. The median operative time was 180 min. The mean hospital stay was 1.7 days. The mean number of paraaortic lymph nodes excised was 16.4. Eight patients (13.5%) had positive paraaortic lymph nodes. Thirteen patients (22%) underwent surgery via the transperitoneal route, and 46 (78%) underwent surgery via the retroperitoneal route. The sensitivity and specificity of computerized axial tomography (CT) scanning for detecting paraaortic lymph node involvement was 75 and 86%, respectively. The statistically significant prognostic factors that affected survival were surgical paraaortic lymph node involvement, radiological pelvic lymph node involvement, and radiological tumor size as assessed with nuclear magnetic resonance. The rate of serious complications was 1.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Pretherapeutic laparoscopic paraaortic lymphadenectomy for locally advanced cervical carcinoma allows the adaption of radiotherapy fields to avoid false-positive and false-negative imaging results.

Current situation in gynecological oncology training in Spain: where we are and where we want to go

Background. It is important to know what a young gynecologic oncologist perceives as a need to achieve a good training in gynecologic oncology. Objective. This study aims to evaluate the level of training in gynecologic oncology in Spain. Methods. A Web-based anonymous questionnaire was sent via e-mail to Spanish trainees listed in European Network of Young Gynecological Oncology (ENYGO). The survey was developed in four sections: (1) general training in gynecologic oncology, (2) distribution of current clinical activity, (3) surgical training, and (4) perspective future gynecologic oncology. It contained 51 questions, with multiple-choice answers that had to be answered by the ENYGO members. Results. The questionnaire was sent to 64 people listed in the ENYGO database. Of these, 37 members responded (response rate of 58%). Overall, more training in surgery is necessary, to perform radical oncological surgeries. It is claimed a sub-specialty recognition, to ensure an equalitarian and homogeneous training (AU)

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The effects of sediment used in beach nourishment: Study case El Portet de Moraira beach.

Actions taken to prevent or reduce coastal erosion often do not have the desired effect, leading to major problems instead of solving the original one. This research focuses on why a nourished beach- with borrowed sand and 0.05% of particles <0.063 mm- causes the presence of suspended particles that are observed by beach users as turbidity. This means that the colour of the water was not its characteristic blue, even with calm wave conditions. This research involved a shoreline evolution analysis and a sedimentological study of the sand from 1977 to 2017. The results show that the turbidity episodes that occurred after the beach fill of May 2017 do not coincide with major storms that affected the beach. Furthermore, prior to this beach nourishment, even after the most important storms turbidity was not so pronounced. However, when the pre-nourishment and post-nourishment sediment are compared and analysed in detail, by studying the microstructure and morphology of the sand particles, their composition and morphology were observed to be completely different. These differences are also reflected in the accelerated particle weathering test, with the post-nourishment particles showing greater dissolution of carbonates. From its mineralogy, the post-nourishment material presents a smaller proportion of quartz in its composition and a significant amount of particles (9.6%) formed by clusters of Calcium and Silicon. The separation of this mineralogical composition produced by waves explains the formation of particles measuring <0.063 mm, a fact that has also been confirmed by the accelerated particle weathering test. This is, therefore, the cause of turbidity in the swash zone of the beach.

Current situation in gynecological oncology training in Spain: where we are and where we want to go.

BACKGROUND: It is important to know what a young gynecologic oncologist perceives as a need to achieve a good training in gynecologic oncology. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the level of training in gynecologic oncology in Spain. METHODS: A Web-based anonymous questionnaire was sent via e-mail to Spanish trainees listed in European Network of Young Gynecological Oncology (ENYGO). The survey was developed in four sections: (1) general training in gynecologic oncology, (2) distribution of current clinical activity, (3) surgical training, and (4) perspective future gynecologic oncology. It contained 51 questions, with multiple-choice answers that had to be answered by the ENYGO members. RESULTS: The questionnaire was sent to 64 people listed in the ENYGO database. Of these, 37 members responded (response rate of 58%). Overall, more training in surgery is necessary, to perform radical oncological surgeries. It is claimed a sub-specialty recognition, to ensure an equalitarian and homogeneous training.

Advanced stage yolk sac ovarian tumour: clinical approach with cytoreductive surgery upfront.

The authors report the case of a 21-year-old woman that presented a Pseudo Meigs' syndrome, secondary to a pure endodermal sinus tumour (yolk sac tumour). Fine needle aspiration biopsy was compatible with high-grade carcinoma and the alpha fetoprotein (αFP) was at 13,185 U/ml. Cytoreductive surgery was performed, followed by bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP) chemotherapy.

Utilidad de la PET/TC en el manejo del cáncer de vulva / Utility of the PET/CT in vulvar cancer management

Objetivo: Describir el impacto clínico de la PET/TC en el manejo delas pacientes con cáncer de vulva. Material y métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de 13 estudios de PET/TC con 18F-FDG (6 de estadificación y 7 por sospecha de recurrencia), correspondientes a 10 pacientes diagnosticadas de cáncer de vulva mediante biopsia, con una edad media de 64,5 años. Se analizó cualitativamente el estudio PET/TC preoperatorio, según la región de la lesión. Se realizó exéresis quirúrgica, abordando todas las zonas sospechosas según el estudio de PET/TC. Se comparó con el análisis histopatológico. Resultados: Se encontró captación patológica vulvar en 9 de los 13 estudios, e invasión de estructuras adyacentes (uretra, ano o vagina) en 5 de ellos. En 3 estudios se consideró afectados los ganglios inguinofemorales, y en uno de ellos apareció también afectación ganglionar pélvica. Cuatro de los estudios presentaron diseminación extralinfática: 3 en el pulmón y uno en la fosa isquiorrectal. La PET/TC mostró una sensibilidad para la detección de la lesión vulvar del 100% en carcinoma epidermoide y del 60% en el no epidermoide. Se encontró un falso positivo en cuanto a invasión local debido a contaminación urinaria. Uno de los estudios con metástasis pulmonares procedía de un tumor de mama sincrónico. Todos los niveles ganglionares patológicos detectados en la PET/TC fueron confirmados en el estudio histopatológico. No se identificaron nuevas lesiones en la cirugía. La PET/TC cambió el manejo terapéutico en 8 de los 13 estudios (61,5%). Conclusiones: La PET/TC se postula como una prueba de imagen útil en el manejo del cáncer de vulva, particularmente en la identificación de la afectación ganglionar, pudiendo influir tanto en la planificación quirúrgica como en el manejo clínico. Se necesitan series más extensas que confirmen nuestros hallazgos (AU)

Objective: To describe the clinical impact of PET/CT in the management of patients with vulvar cancer. Material and methods: Retrospective analysis of 13 PET/CT studies with 18F-FDG (6 staging and 7 suspected recurrence) corresponding to 10 patients diagnosed with vulvar cancer by biopsy, with a mean age of 64.5 years. The preoperative PET/CT study was analyzed qualitatively according to the lesion region. Surgical excision was carried out, covering all the suspected areas according to the PET/CT study. This was compared with the histopathologic analysis. Results: Abnormal vulvar PET/CT uptake was found in 9 out of the 13 studies and invasion of adjacent structures in 5 of them (urethra, perineal, vagina). The inguinal-femoral lymph nodes were considered as affected in 3 studies and one pelvic lymph node was also affected. Four of the studies had extralymphatic involvement: 3 in lung and 1 in ischiorectal fossa. The PET/CT showed a 100% sensitivity for the detection of the vulvar lesion in squamous cell carcinomas and 60% in non-squamous cell ones. There was a false positive result for local invasion due to urine contamination. One of the studies with lung metastases was related to a synchronous breast tumor. All the pathological lymph node levels detected in the PET/CT study were confirmed in the histopathology study. No new lesions were identified by surgery. PET/CT changed the therapeutic management in 8/13 studies (61.5%). Conclusions: PET/CT is postulated as a useful imaging test for the management of vulvar cancer, mainly in the identification of nodal metastases. It may affect both surgical planning and clinical management. Larger series are needed to confirm our findings (AU)

[Utility of the PET/CT in vulvar cancer management]. / Utilidad de la PET/TC en el manejo del cáncer de vulva.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical impact of PET/CT in the management of patients with vulvar cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 13 PET/CT studies with (18)F-FDG (6 staging and 7 suspected recurrence) corresponding to 10 patients diagnosed with vulvar cancer by biopsy, with a mean age of 64.5 years. The preoperative PET/CT study was analyzed qualitatively according to the lesion region. Surgical excision was carried out, covering all the suspected areas according to the PET/CT study. This was compared with the histopathologic analysis. RESULTS: Abnormal vulvar PET/CT uptake was found in 9 out of the 13 studies and invasion of adjacent structures in 5 of them (urethra, perineal, vagina). The inguinal-femoral lymph nodes were considered as affected in 3 studies and one pelvic lymph node was also affected. Four of the studies had extralymphatic involvement: 3 in lung and 1 in ischiorectal fossa. The PET/CT showed a 100% sensitivity for the detection of the vulvar lesion in squamous cell carcinomas and 60% in non-squamous cell ones. There was a false positive result for local invasion due to urine contamination. One of the studies with lung metastases was related to a synchronous breast tumor. All the pathological lymph node levels detected in the PET/CT study were confirmed in the histopathology study. No new lesions were identified by surgery. PET/CT changed the therapeutic management in 8/13 studies (61.5%). CONCLUSIONS: PET/CT is postulated as a useful imaging test for the management of vulvar cancer, mainly in the identification of nodal metastases. It may affect both surgical planning and clinical management. Larger series are needed to confirm our findings.

Epithelial ovarian carcinoma: current evidences and future perspectives in the first-line setting

Epithelial ovarian carcinoma is still the most common cause of death from gynaecological cancer in USA and western Europe. The optimal therapy of epithelial ovarian carcinoma requires participation of a multidisciplinary team - from diagnosis through the entire natural history of each individual patient. Only 20-30% of patients are diagnosed at the initial stage, when appropriate staging surgery in combination with adjuvant chemotherapy for high-risk patients can be curative. Treating patients with advanced disease consists of a staging surgery with maximum cytoreductive effort, followed by chemotherapy with a combination of taxane and carboplatin. Unfortunately, the majority of patients with advanced disease will relapse and become candidates for therapy that comprises individualised chemotherapy, and surgery in selected cases. For this reason, there is still a need for new treatments and strategies in the first-line setting (AU)

Indications for adjuvant radiotherapy treatment after surgery and novel modalities for treatment.

Carcinoma of the uterine cervix is a frequent common cancer in women. Patients diagnosed with early stage cervix cancer are managed with surgery. Overall survival for stage IB (IB1-IB2) and IIA, is in the range of 80-90% at 5 years. Only patients with poor prognostic factors as: large tumors (>or=4 cm), positive lymph nodes, positive and/or close margins <3 mm; can benefit from adjuvant radiotherapy. Radiotherapy has been also recommended for a subgroup of patients with intermediate-risk factors as: large tumor diameter, deep stromal invasion and presence of tumor in capillary lymphatic space adjuvant. In the presence of 2 of the 3 adverse risk factors, radiotherapy reduces tumor recurrence in stage IB cervical cancer with negative lymph nodes. Radiotherapy plays an important role in the management of cervical cancer. Conventional radiotherapy may treat a large amount of normal tissue resulting in acute toxicity. The most frequent acute adverse events after external three-dimensional radiotherapy are bowel, bladder and hematological side effects. With standard doses of external beam radiotherapy 45 Gy-50 Gy (1.8 Gy-2 Gy) grade 3-4 late toxicity occurs in about 10%-12%. Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) represents an advance in treatment delivery with doses that conform tightly to the target, and may reduce the acute gastrointestinal and chronic toxicity when compared with conventional 3D radiotherapy. Also IMRT treats less bone marrow and may lead to a better tolerance of chemotherapy.

Tratamiento hormonal sustitutivo en pacientes con cáncer / Hormonal replacement therapy in cancer patients

Cada año cientos de miles de mujeres son diagnosticadas y tratadas de un tumor maligno. Muchos de ellas se encuentran en la menopausia en el momento del diagnóstico mientras que otras tienen una función ovárica normal. Algunas de estas últimos van a necesitar un tratamiento cuyo efecto secundario previsible sea una menopausia yatrógena. El progreso de las técnicas de diagnóstico y de las armas terapéuticas en los últimos años ha hecho que el tratamiento del cáncer obtenga unos resultados cada vez más alentadores. En otras palabras, nuestras pacientes oncológicas sobreviven cada vez más tiempo. Es por esto que muchas mujeres que sobreviven al cáncer sufren síntomas a corto y largo plazo derivados de deprivación de estrógenos, empeorando su calidad de vida. Al mismo tiempo en la mayoría de los casos, tanto el oncólogo como el ginecólogo son reacios a aconsejar un tratamiento hormonal sustitutivo en estas pacientes, independientemente del tipo de tumor o estadio de la enfermedad a la que se enfrenta la paciente. Parece lógico pensar que en aquellos casos en los que se sospecha una relación causa-efecto entre el tratamiento hormonal sustitutivo (THS) y la oncogénesis de un determinado tumor exista una cierta prevención contra el uso THS. Sin embargo en los tumores en los que no existe ningún tipo de correlación hormonal este planteamiento es difícilmente explicable. El ejemplo típico es la mujer joven que ha sido sometida a dosis altas de quimioterapia tras haber sido diagnosticado un tumor hematológico. En estas pacientes el daño por el déficit de estrógenos a medio o a largo plazo, puede ser mucho mayor que el posible efecto negativo que produzca el tratamiento en la enfermedad. Ese tema por tanto es realmente un controvertido y existen muy pocos resultados epidemiológicos y clínicos que avalen una u otra postura. Intentaremos por tanto tras revisar la literatura y sacar conclusiones que nos orienten sobre la relación que existe entre los tumores más frecuentes y uso de THS

Every year thousands of women are diagnosed and treated due to an oncological disease. Many of then have a menopausal status at the time of diagnosis. Some of them will need a specific treatment that may change their hormonal status. During the last three decades cancer treatment has achieved better and better outcomes thank to the progress of new diagnostic tools and therapeutic weapons. In other words, our cancer patients survive longer. Therefore, currently, many cancer survivors suffer the side effects of the hormonal deprivation. At the same time in many cases, medical oncologists and gynecologists are reluctant to recommend HRT in these patients, independently the type or the stage of the tumor that has been diagnosed. It seems logical to observe precaution in those cases in which a cause-effect relationship is suspected between the HRT and the oncogenesis of a certain tumor. Nevertheless in tumors in which it does not exist a hormonal dependence this approach can not be supported. The typical example is the young woman who has been treated with high doses of chemotherapy after being diagnosed of a hematological neoplasia. In these patients the estrogen deprivation produces a worse long term effect that the questionable negative consequences that may produce the HRT. This subject is really controversial and exists very few epidemiological and clinical publications that guarantee one or another position. We will try to review the international literature on this topic and o draw conclusions that allow us to understand the relationship between the most frequent tumors and the hormonal replacement therapy

Cáncer invasivo de cérvix en España (1995). Encuesta de la Sociedad Española de Ginecología y Obstetricia / Invasive cervical cancer in Spain (1995). Survey of the Spanish Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Objetivos: Conocer la atención al cáncer de cérvix en España mediante una encuesta retrospectiva sobre casos de 1995 realizada por la Sección de Ginecología Oncológica y Patología Mamaria de la SEGO. Sujetos y métodos: Contestaron a la encuesta 45 hospitales que informaron de 633 casos. El número de casos por hospital osciló entre 1 y 40, siendo la mediana de 11. Pudieron procesarse 578 fichas. Resultados: La edad media de las pacientes fue de 51,2 años. El 49,3% de los casos se diagnosticó en estadio I; el 27,5% en estadio II; el 16,2% en estadio III, y el 4,6% en estadio IV. El tratamiento más empleado fue quirúrgico, mediante la intervención de Wertheim. La supervivencia a los 5 años fue del 56,4%. Conclusiones: Los factores pronósticos identificados en la evolución del cáncer de cérvix fueron el estado ganglionar, la invasión parametrial, la afección del espacio linfovascular y el tipo histológico

Objectives: To ascertain the diagnosis, treatment and outcomes of cervical carcinomas in Spain through a retrospective survey of cases diagnosed in 1995 carried out by the Oncological Gynecology and Breast Disease Section of the Spanish Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SEGO). Subjects and methods: Forty-five hospitals responded, providing information on 633 patients with cervical carcinoma diagnosed in 1995. The number of cases per hospital ranged between one and 40, with a median of 11. A total of 578 forms were included. Results: The mean age at diagnosis was 51.2 years. A total of 49.3% of carcinomas were in stage I, 27.5% were in stage II, 16.2% were in stage III, and 4.6% were in stage IV. The most commonly used treatment was surgery (Wertheim’s intervention). Gross 5-year survival was 56.4%. Conclusions: The prognostic factors identified were affected lymph nodes, parametrial and lymphovascular invasion, and histological subtypes

Carcinoma neuroendocrino de cérvix uterino en estadio temprano / Early-stage neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterine cervix

Objetivo: Estudiar las características clinicopatológicas que han tenido lugar en 6 casos de carcinoma neuroendocrino de cérvix uterino en estadio temprano, diagnosticados en el Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, entre 1992-2001.Material y métodos: Del total de 6 pacientes, se encontraron 4 casos en estadio Ib y dos en estadio IIa. Se analizan las siguientes variables: edad, antecedentes personales, paridad, presentación clínica, pruebas diagnósticas, estadio clínico, estudio histológico, tratamiento primario, tratamiento adyuvante, recurrencia temprana (1-3 meses) y tardía de la enfermedad, y por último la supervivencia. Resultados: La edad media de las pacientes fue de 44 años, y la metrorragia irregular fue la presentación clínica habitual. La variante histológica de células pequeñas fue la más frecuente. A pesar del tratamiento, la enfermedad recurrió de forma temprana en el 33,33 por ciento y de forma tardía en el 50 por ciento. La supervivencia media fue de 22 meses. Conclusiones: El carcinoma neuroendocrino de cuello uterino (CNC) es una entidad rara. La afección ganglionar es la norma y suele hacerlo de forma temprana. A pesar de los múltiples tratamientos agresivos, esta enfermedad presenta una elevada tasa de recurrencia temprana y tardía, así como de fracasos terapéuticos. Su mal pronóstico describe una de las tumoraciones más agresivas del tracto genital femenino (AU)

Patrones de persistencia y recurrencia en sarcomas uterinos / Persistence and recurrence patterns of uterine sarcomas

Objetivo: Estudiar los patrones de persistencia y recurrencia que han tenido lugar en 48 casos de sarcomas uterinos diagnosticados en el Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón entre 1992-2001.Material y métodos: Del total de 48 pacientes, 25 fueron leiomiosarcomas, 18 carcinosarcomas, y 5 sarcomas del estroma endometrial. Se analizan las siguientes variables: edad, estado menopáusico, clínica, grado de mitosis, estadio quirúrgico, tratamientos primario y adyuvante, supervivencia, persistencia y recurrencia. Resultados: Tras el tratamiento inicial, la enfermedad persiste en 11 de los pacientes (29 por ciento), de forma local (pelvis) (81,8 por ciento) y extrapelviana (19,2 por ciento). La enfermedad recurrió en 17 pacientes (35,41 por ciento) tras el tratamiento en la pelvis en un 51,9 por ciento. La supervivencia global de la enfermedad fue del 64,2 por ciento a los 2 años, del 51,25 por ciento a los 3 años y del 25,12 por ciento a los 5 años. Conclusiones: En estos casos, la persistencia y la recurrencia suelen ser la norma, y la enfermedad presenta cierta heterogeneidad biológica, que se pone de manifiesto a la hora de analizar los distintos factores pronósticos. En general, la supervivencia es escasa y las estrategias terapéuticas actuales se encuentran en discusión (AU)